India's constitution includes provisions for animal protection, such as Articles 21, 48, 48A, and 51A(g), which outline state responsibilities and citizen duties. However, enforcement of animal rights is lacking, primarily due to outdated penalties and ineffective mechanisms under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960. A study reviews India's shift from animal welfare to rights-based approaches, comparing it to similar legislation in other countries, and identifies gaps in enforcement that require legislative reforms.
Source: International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i05.87842