A short map of the laws that protect animals in India. Each heading links to the full text in our Research Library.
The Constitution
- Article 51A(g) makes it a fundamental duty of every citizen to have compassion for living creatures.
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960
- The main animal welfare law. Read the Act.
- Section 11 lists acts of cruelty, including beating, overloading, abandoning an animal, and keeping it without enough food, water or shelter.
- The Act set up the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI), which advises governments and recognises animal welfare organisations.
- Fines under Section 11 are very low (Rs 10 to Rs 50 for a first offence), which is why serious cases are also filed under the criminal law below.
Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (criminal law)
- Section 325 makes killing, poisoning, maiming or disabling any animal an offence, punishable with up to five years in prison, a fine, or both. It replaced Sections 428 and 429 of the old Indian Penal Code.
- These offences can be reported to the police. See How to report animal cruelty.
Rules under the PCA Act
- Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023: community dogs are sterilised, vaccinated and returned to the same area. They also set out feeding arrangements for resident welfare associations.
- Pet Shop Rules, 2018 and Dog Breeding and Marketing Rules, 2017: pet shops and breeders must register with the State Animal Welfare Board.
- Transport of Animals Rules, 1978: space, food, water and rest for animals in transit.
- Performing Animals (Registration) Rules, 2001: animals used in films and performances must be registered.
Courts
- Court orders shape how these laws apply. Read the Supreme Court judgment of 22 August 2025 on community dogs and follow new orders in the Library.
Wild animals and birds
- Wild animals and many native birds, such as parakeets and munias, are protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. They cannot be caught, kept or sold. Report captive wildlife to the state forest department.
This guide is general information, not legal advice. Laws and court orders change; check the Library and the original documents.